Facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity, such as tunnels, which have always been an integral part of human life, must withstAND both dynamic AND static loading. It has led to the need for practical studies on the effects of earthquakes on underground structures AND the factors affecting their destruction. For this purpose, in this research, at first different patterns of tunnel’s excavation were investigated AND by using Plaxis 2D software AND based on Tabas earthquake in Iran, sensitivity analysis on geotechnical PARAMETERS of the soil surrounding tunnel such as COHESION, FRICTION angle, unit weight AND modulus of elasticity was carried out, AND the PARAMETERS whose changes have the greatest AND least effects on the bending moment changes on the tunnel lining are introduced. The results show that tunnel excavation patterns significantly affect the bending moment, axial forces, displacements, AND surface settlement of the tunnel. Often, by dividing tunnel excavation area to small parts, the values of bending moment, axial forces, displacements, AND surface settlement of the tunnel decreases in static analysis. Also, outputs of sensitivity analysis on geotechnical PARAMETERS of the soil surrounding tunnel showed that modulus of elasticity of the soil surrounding tunnel has the most effect AND COHESION changes have the least effect on bending moment induced on tunnel lining..

Construction of dams by using roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a relatively recent technology which has increasingly developed in the past few years. With regard to various horizontal lift joint in the body of RCC dams AND in order to increase the safety factor in the design, the experimental investigation was conducted on the basis of improving bond strength in RCC by using interface cement grout AND imparting changes in normal pressure. RCC samples were constructed in two layers with maximum aggregate size of 25 mm, type I cement of Isfahan plant AND Khash pozzulan. On the whole, in different conditions of using grout with w/c ratio of 0.5, 0.75, AND 1 as well as no grout condition, the first stage of bond strength tests in normal pressure (0, 5, 10, AND 15 kg/cm2) by using the designed machine in this study AND the second stage tests were conducted in normal pressure (20, 25, 30, 35, AND 40 kg/cm2) by using stone direct shear machine. From the sum of 250 made samples, the results of bond strength AND compressive strength in 7, 28, AND 90 days in the first stage, AND the results of maximum bond strength AND residual bond strength in 28 days in second stage have been obtained. On the basis of the results obtained, bond strength PARAMETERS have been obtained AND analyzed. The results of this study indicated that the Mohr coulomb criterion shows the upward tend of bond strength with an increase in normal pressure very well, AND by increasing the normal pressure from the first stage to the second stage, interface COHESION decreases AND the interface angle increases. Also, by using grout between layers paves, the way for an increase in bond strength compared to the no grout condition, AND there will be a decrease in bond strength with an increase in w/c ratio of grout. In this case, changes in COHESION parameter are in phase with changes in bond strength while to sensible changes in interface conditions are evident on the interface FRICTION angle.

Widespread immigrant beekeeping activity, inadequate quality queen bee production AND the excess of uncontrolled crossbreeding are great problems for the quality of honey bee races in Türkiye. However, the effects of uncontrolled crossbreeding on the spermatological PARAMETERS are not fully known. In this study, samples were analyzed in terms of morphometric PARAMETERS such as cubital index, hantel index AND discoidal shift. Drones belonging to the same colonies were investigated in terms of spermatological PARAMETERS such as total motility, Plasma Membrane Integrity (PMI), Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) AND spermatozoa concentration (SCON). The wing index values of the samples were similar to the wing values of some races. Racial similarities rates were50% Caucasian (A. m. caucacia), 49% Anatolian (A. m. anatoliaca), 24% Brown (A. m. mellifera), 13% Italian (A. m. ligustica) AND 8% Carnolian (A. m. carnica). These results showed that the expected Anatolian race in the region had changed greatly AND there is a danger of crossbreeding of bee races (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) in Central Anatolia Region. The averages of spermatological PARAMETERS were 85% motility, 82% PMI, 78% MMP AND 5.9 × 109/ml sperm concentration. In addition, no significant correlative relationship was found between morphometric AND spermatological PARAMETERS (p˃0.05). In this study, the samples of honey bee colonies in the Central Anatolia Region showed rANDom AND uncontrolled crossbreeding among different races. The spermatological PARAMETERS were found to be sufficient for fertility but there was no significant relationship detected statistically between the spermatological AND morphometric PARAMETERS.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding a mixture of peppermint, thyme AND rosemary essential oils (EOs) in a ratio of (3:1:2), respectively, to the diet, on growth performance, rumen AND blood PARAMETERS of fattening lambs. Twenty-one Mehraban lambs with an average weight of 29.80 kg were rANDomly allocated to one of three diets: 1) control, 2) base diet+1.25ml of EOs AND 3) base diet+2.5ml of EOs. Daily weight gain was greater in the groups receiving the EOs than in the control, although this increase was mainly due to the interactions of treatment over time. Feed consumption AND feed conversion ratio compared to the control did not altered. The total concentrations of VFAs AND acetate in the groups receiving EOs decreased (P<0.05), while the concentration of propionate increased (P<0.05) at the level of 2.5ml of EOs AND isovalerate increased (P<0.05) in both levels of EOs compared to the control. Total population of protozoa, rumen pH AND ammonia nitrogen concentration were not affected by treatments. Glucose concentration increased at high level of EOs (P<0.05). Concentrations of urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, total protein AND albumin did not altered. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, number AND percentage of white cells including lymphocytes AND eosinophils were not affected by treatments but the percentage of monocytes decreased (P<0.05) at low level of the EOs. The results of this experiment showed that the addition of mixture of EOs to the diet did not have a significant effect on performance PARAMETERS AND immune system of lambs, although it reduced the total concentration of VFA AND acetate AND increased the concentration of propionate.

From the environmental point of view, application of bioengineering techniques in civil projects such as lANDslide stabilization is given priority in recent years. In this paper, the influence of the diameter of tree roots on the increase of shear resistance of soil was investigated by means of series of in-situ direct shear tests. Thirty tests were carried out on a natural deposit CL soil containing midow roots by means of a set up designed in soil laboratory of SCWMRI. Since the existing roots in natural deposits have different diameters, a no dimensional index referred to as Root Diameter Ratio (RDR) was defined as the ratio of the mean root diameter to the maximum root diameter. The results showed, in general, the increased shear resistance of the soil due to the presence of roots was inversely proportional to the root diameters. In fact the apparent COHESION of soil increases considerably as the root diameter increases, while at the same time the internal FRICTION angle decreases smoothly. However, the shear resistance growth stops at a given diameter, then stabilizes after a slight declination. A similar behavior was observed for the soil COHESION, while the internal FRICTION angle showed a completely opposite behavior.

In the current research, the effect of PARAMETERS on FRICTION stir welding of aluminum 6061 metal is carried out using with AND without an INTERLAYER. After the welding process, microscopic tests, traction AND microscopic examination were performed using optical microscope AND scanning electron microscope. Among the welded samples with 4043, 5556, AND 2024 aluminum INTERLAYERs AND without INTERLAYER, the welded specimen with a rotational speed of 1250 rpm AND a linear velocity of 50 mm / min with an aluminum INTERLAYER of 2024 has the highest tensile strength 192 MPa AND has the most hardness of 154 Vickers. The minimum tensile strength of the welded specimen with the aluminum 4043 as an INTERLAYER at the rotational speed of 800 rpm AND the linear velocity of 31. 5 mm / min is 166 MPa, AND with 96 wickers, it also has the least hardness in the weld button in between All samples were. The microstructure study also showed the larger grain size in the welded samples with the INTERLAYER AND without INTERLAYER, with a rotational to linear ratio of 32 rpm as compared to the rest of the specimens. The sample was welded to the aluminum with INTERLAYER of 4043 at a speed of 800 rpm AND a linear speed of 31. 5 mm / min with the smallest grain size of 9 μ m in the samples welded to the INTERLAYER. The results of the tests show that the use of aluminum 5556 AND 2024 as an INTERLAYER improves the mechanical properties of the bonding zone.

In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning ZANDi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely rANDomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal AND without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal AND 9% black seed meal AND 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal AND without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, AND crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 AND 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail AND total body fat deposition. Albumin AND total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol AND urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat AND protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance AND nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) AND tomato (TP) powders on performance, blood PARAMETERS, sex differentiation AND hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined AND compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens AND 25 roosters (47 wk.) were rANDomly allocated to 5 treatments AND 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 AND 3) basal diet+ 2 AND 4 percent of GP, AND 4 AND 5) basal diet + 2 AND 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens AND 20 roosters were rANDomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet AND 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum AND 4 AND 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 AND 0.3 ml of garlic AND tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic AND tomato powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits AND blood PARAMETERS (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males AND females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic AND tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.

In FRICTION stir welding FRICTIONal heat is generated by the rotating tool, sliding over the stationary plate along the weld centre. Tool being the only source of heat producing member, its geometrical design influences the heat generation rate. In this present work, effects of variation in tool shoulder AND tool pin taper ANGLES on thermal history during joining are analysed. Tools with triangular AND hexagonal tool pins are used to understAND the influence of tool pin shape on process temperature. An analytical heat input model is developed for tools with non-circular tool pins AND a comparative study is carried out between the hexagonal AND triangular tool pins on temperature distribution using a three dimensional Matlab model. Proposed model is validated through experimental analysis. Apart from this, regression model based comparative study is carried out on the variation in temperature response to the change in tool pin shape, tool shoulder AND tool pin taper angle.

Determination of COHESION AND angle of internal FRICTION of the asphalt is of special importance for designing AND estimating the bearing capacity of asphalt mixtures. This is usually done by performing the triaxial test. To perform such experiment, however, advanced experimental equipments AND experienced people are needed.In the present study, a new method to determine the COHESION AND angle of internal FRICTION PARAMETERS of the asphalt is introduced. This method is based on using the unconfined compression AND indirect tensile tests instead of triaxial test to measure the shear strength PARAMETERS (C,f). In the present study, asphalt samples with different size distribution, percentage of filler, percentage of fracturing AND percentage of bitumen were made AND tested against Unconfined AND indirect tensile experiments. Based on the results obtained from these experiments, the Mohr- Coulomb circles were plotted AND COHESION AND angle of internal FRICTION of asphalt were determined using Mohr- Coulomb theory. To assess the validity of the results, the Hveem test was performed on the samples with similar characteristics as tested samples with unconfined AND indirect tensile experiments AND the relation among the results was obtained AND analysed.